Behaviorism

        Behaviorism is the theory that describes learning is due to an observable change in behavior. The behaviors are sometimes learned in the process. In this theory, the learners observe the information, practice the information and then receive reinforcement through praise. The classic example of behaviorism is when Pavlov used classic conditioning to investigate the digestive system of dogs. Pavlov conditioned the dogs to react to the sound of a tuning fork. The tuning fork became a conditioned stimulus. Other famous theorists include Edward Thorndike who is known for inventing the puzzle box to investigate problem solving in animals and B. F. Skinner who is known for inventing the concept of operant conditioning.

Cognitivism

       Cognitivism is the theory that describes how information is processed to produce learning. It is the change in a learner’s mental behavior. Cognitive theory looks at how information travels from the sensory memory to the working memory to the long-term memory. This theory focuses on gaining and maintaining the learner’s attention. After the learner’s attention is gained, then rehearsal and visuals are used to move the information in the memories. Reinforcement is used primarily as feedback (Woolfolk, 2004). Two famous contributors to Cognitivism are Jean Piaget who is known for the theory that children progress through stages and J. Anderson who is know for the two types of memory procedural and declarative.

Constructivism

    

                 Constructivism is the theory that describes learning to due to the construction of knowledge. The theory focuses on the understanding the information. A big component of Constructivism is socializing. The learners are posed with guiding questions and the learners work together to acquire the new information. Two famous contributors to Constructivism are Lev Vygotsky who is known for the definition of Zone of Proximal Development and Jerome Bruner who is known for stating that learning is an active process.

                In a Constructivist classroom learning takes place through retrieving prior knowledge and collaborating to acquire new knowledge. In this type of classroom one may observe learners working in groups. The learners are discussing a possible solution to a particular problem or task. One will observe the teacher moving from group to group assisting in the discussion and asking relevant questions. The teacher serves as a facilitator in the Constructivist classroom. In this particular classroom the learners are in charge of their own learning. The learners in this classroom are producing authentic tasks and artifacts. The learners have a choice in their presentation and products.

Cooperative and Collaborative Learning

A. Definition

1. Cooperative Learning

©       “Cooperative learning is an instructional program in which students work in small groups to help one another master academic content.” (Slavin, 1995)

©       Cooperative learning involves students working together in pairs or groups, and they share information .They are a team whose players must work together in order to achieve goals successfully.” (Brown, 1994)

©       “Cooperative learning is a within-class grouping of students usually of differing levels of second language proficiency, who learn to work together on specific tasks or projects in such a way that all students in the group benefit from the interactive experience.” (Kessler (1992)

                b. Collaborative Learning

℗       Collaborative learning is a method of teaching and learning in which students team together to explore a significant question or create a meaningful project. A group of students discussing a lecture or students from different schools working together over the Internet on a shared assignment are both examples of collaborative learning.

℗       "Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learning is a naturally social act in which the participants talk among themselves (Gerlach, 1994).

Improving Listening Skill through Watching English Movies

According to Howatt and Dakin (1974), listening is the ability to identify and understand what others are saying. This process involves understanding a speaker’s accent or pronunciation, the speaker’s grammar and vocabulary, and comprehension of meaning. An able listener is capable of doing these four things simultaneously. Improving listening skill through watching English movies is supported by theories of Schwartz. Movie is one of the new media used by the teacher to teach listening for the students which learn English as foreign language. Movie or video can enhance listening comprehension by providing learners with contextually rich, high interest, authentic and culturally appropriate communicative situations (Schwartz, 1998:46).

                I believe that it will helpful in improving my listening skill. This theory worked on me. Fortunately, I actually love to watch movies, especially Western movies. From my experiences, I had improvement in listening after I applied this.  When I was watching, I used the two subtitles at once. Another way is that if I had been watched the movie once using Indonesian subtitle, I will repeat to watch it another time using only English as subtitle. Those are the way I train my listening skill. When I found an unfamiliar word, I will look for the meaning through the dictionary on my phone. Besides, it will make the learning process being unconscious, we got the entertainment and also the knowledge.